Access
Ability to make use of any information system (IS) resource.
Source: CNSSI 4009, NIST SP 800-32
Access Authority
An entity responsible for monitoring and granting access privileges for other authorized entities.
Access Control
The process of granting or denying specific requests to:
obtain and use information and related information processing services; and
enter specific physical facilities (e.g., federal buildings, military establishments, border crossing entrances).
Source: FIPS 201, CNSSI 4009
Access Control Policy (Access Management Policy)
The set of rules that define the conditions under which an access may take place.
Source: NISTIR 7316
Access Profile
Association of a user with a list of protected objects the user may access.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Accountability
The security goal that generates the requirement for actions of an entity to be traced uniquely to that entity. This supports nonrepudiation, deterrence, fault isolation, intrusion detection and prevention, and after-action recovery and legal action.
Source: NIST SP 800-27
Activity/Activities
Set of actions that are accomplished within a practice in order to make it successful. There can be multiple activities that make up a practice. Practices may only have one activity and some may have a set of activities.
Source: CMMC
Administrative Safeguards
Administrative actions, and policies and procedures, to manage the selection, development, implementation, and maintenance of security measures to protect electronic protected health information and to manage the conduct of the covered entity’s workforce in relation to the protection of that information.
Source: NIST SP 800-66 Rev 1
Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)
An adversary that possesses sophisticated levels of expertise and significant resources which allow it to create opportunities to achieve its objectives by using multiple attack vectors (e.g., cyber, physical, and deception). These objectives typically include establishing and extending footholds within the information technology infrastructure of the targeted organizations for purposes of exfiltrating information, undermining or impeding critical aspects of a mission, program, or organization; or positioning itself to carry out these objectives in the future. The advanced persistent threat:
pursues its objectives repeatedly over an extended period of time;
adapts to defenders’ efforts to resist it; and
is determined to maintain the level of interaction needed to execute its objectives.
Source: NIST SP 800-39
Adversary
Individual, group, organization, or government that conducts or has the intent to conduct detrimental activities.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Adversarial Assessment
Assesses the ability of a unit equipped with a system to support its mission while withstanding cyber threat activity representative of an actual adversary.
Source: DoDI 5000.02 Enclosure 14
Air Gap
An interface between two systems that:
are not connected physically, and
do not have any logical connection automated (i.e., data is transferred through the interface only manually, under human control).
Source: IETF RFC 4949 v2
Alert
An internal or external notification that a specific action has been identified within an organization’s information systems.
Source: CNSSI 4009 (adapted)
Anti-malware Tools
Tools that help identify, prevent execution, and reverse engineer malware.
Source: CMMC
Anti-spyware Software
A program that specializes in detecting both malware and non-malware forms of spyware.
Source: NIST SP 800-69
Anti-Tamper
Systems engineering activities intended to deter and/or delay exploitation of technologies in a system in order to impede countermeasure development, unintended technology transfer, or alteration of a system.
Source: DoDI 5200.39 (adapted)
Anti-Virus Software
A program that monitors a computer or network to identify all major types of malware and prevent or contain malware incidents.
Source: NIST SP 800-83
APT (Advanced Persistent Threat)
See Glossary: Advanced Persistent Threat
Assessment
Formal process of assessing the implementation and reliable use of issuer controls using various methods of assessment (e.g., interviews, document reviews, observations) that support the assertion that an issuer is reliably meeting the requirements of FIPS 201-2.
Source: NIST SP 800-79-2
Asset (Organizational Asset)
Anything that has value to an organization, including, but not limited to, another organization, person, computing device, information technology (IT) system, IT network, IT circuit, software (both an installed instance and a physical instance), virtual computing platform (common in cloud and virtualized computing), and related hardware (e.g., locks, cabinets, keyboards).
Source: NISTIR 7693, NISTIR 7694
Asset Management
Management of organizational assets. This may include inventory, configuration, destruction, disposal, and updates to organizational assets.
Source: CERT RMM v1.2
Asset Owner
A person or organizational unit (internal or external to the organization) with primary responsibility for the viability, productivity, security, and resilience of an organizational asset. For example, the accounts payable department is the owner of the vendor database.
Source: CERT RMM v1.2
Attack Surface
The set of ways in which an attacker can gain unauthorized access to and potentially perform malicious actions on a system. The larger the attack surface, the more opportunities exist to identify flaws and vulnerabilities with an environment.
Source: CMMC
Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)
Access control based on attributes associated with and about subjects, objects, targets, initiators, resources, or the environment. An access control rule set defines the combination of attributes under which an access may take place.
See also Glossary: Identity, Credential, and Access Management (ICAM)
Source: CNSSI 4009
Availability
Ensuring timely and reliable access to and use of information.
Timely, reliable access to data and information services for authorized users. Source: CNSSI 4009
Audit
Independent review and examination of records and activities to assess the adequacy of system controls, to ensure compliance with established policies and operational procedures, and to recommend necessary changes in controls, policies, or procedures.
Source: NIST SP 800-32
Audit Log
A chronological record of system activities. Includes records of system accesses and operations performed in a given period.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Audit Record
An individual entry in an audit log related to an audited event.
Source: NIST SP 800-53 Rev 4
Authentication
A security measure designed to protect a communications system against acceptance of fraudulent transmission or simulation by establishing the validity of a transmission, message, originator, or a means of verifying an individual’s eligibility to receive specific categories of information.
Source: CNSSI 4005, NSA/CSS Manual Number 3-16
Authenticator
The means used to confirm the identity of a user, processor, or device (e.g., user password or token).
Source: NIST SP 800-53 Rev 4
Authoritative Data
Data provided by an Authoritative Source.
Source: CMMC
Authoritative Source (Trusted Source)
An entity that has access to, or verified copies of, accurate information from an issuing source such that a CSP (Credential Service Provider) can confirm the validity of the identity evidence supplied by an applicant during identity proofing. An issuing source may also be an authoritative source. Often, authoritative sources are determined by a policy decision of the agency or CSP before they can be used in the identity proofing validation phase.
Source: NIST SP 800-63-3
Awareness
A learning process that sets the stage for training by changing individual and organizational attitudes to realize the importance of security and the adverse consequences of its failure.
Source: NIST SP 800-16
Awareness and Training Program
Explains proper rules of behavior for the use of agency information systems and information. The program communicates information technology (IT) security policies and procedures that need to be followed. (i.e., NSTISSD 501, NIST SP 800-50).
Source: CNSSI 4009
Backup
A copy of files and programs made to facilitate recovery, if necessary.
Source: NIST SP 800-34, CNSSI 4009
Baseline
Hardware, software, databases, and relevant documentation for an information system at a given point in time.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Baseline Configuration
A set of specifications for a system, or Configuration Item (CI) within a system, that has been formally reviewed and agreed on at a given point in time, and which can be changed only through change control procedures. The baseline configuration is used as a basis for future builds, releases, and/or changes.
Source: NIST SP 800-128
Baseline Security
The minimum security controls required for safeguarding an IT system based on its identified needs for confidentiality, integrity, and/or availability protection.
Source: NIST SP 800-16
Baselining
Monitoring resources to determine typical utilization patterns so that significant deviations can be detected.
Source: NIST SP 800-61
Blacklist
A list of discrete entities, such as IP addresses, host names, applications, software libraries, and so forth that have been previously determined to be associated with malicious activity thus requiring access or execution restrictions.
Source: NIST SP 800-114 (adapted), NIST SP 800-94 (adapted), CNSSI 4009 (adapted)
Blacklisting
See Glossary: Blacklist
Blacklisting Software
A list of applications (software) and software libraries that are forbidden to execute on an organizational asset.
Source: NIST SP 800-94 (adapted)
Blue Team
The group responsible for defending an organization’s use of information systems by maintaining its security posture against a group of mock attackers (i.e., the Red Team). Typically, the Blue Team and its supporters must defend against real or simulated attacks:
over a significant period of time,
in a representative operational context (e.g., as part of an operational exercise), and
according to rules established and monitored with the help of a neutral group refereeing the simulation or exercise (i.e., the White Team).
The term Blue Team is also used for defining a group of individuals that conduct operational network vulnerability evaluations and provide mitigation techniques to customers who have a need for an independent technical review of their network security posture. The Blue Team identifies security threats and risks in the operating environment, and in cooperation with the customer, analyzes the network environment and its current state of security readiness. Based on the Blue Team findings and expertise, they provide recommendations that integrate into an overall community security solution to increase the customer’s cybersecurity readiness posture. Often times a Blue Team is employed by itself or prior to a Red Team employment to ensure that the customer’s networks are as secure as possible before having the Red Team test the systems.
Source: CNSSI 4009 (adapted)
Breach
An incident where an adversary has gained access to the internal network of an organization or an organizationally owned asset in a manner that breaks the organizational policy for accessing cyber assets and results in the loss of information, data, or asset. A breach usually consists of the loss of an asset due to the gained access.
Source: CMMC
Capability
Capabilities are achievements to ensure cybersecurity objectives are met within each domain. Capabilities are met through the employment of practices and processes. Each domain is comprised of a set of capabilities.
Source: CMMC
CDI (Covered Defense Information)
Term used to identify information that requires protection under DFARS Clause 252.204- 7012. Unclassified controlled technical information (CTI) or other information, as described in the CUI Registry, that requires safeguarding or dissemination controls pursuant to and consistent with law, regulations, and Government wide policies and is:
Marked or otherwise identified in the contract, task order, or delivery order and provided to the contractor by or on behalf of, DoD in support of the performance of the contract; OR
Collected, developed, received, transmitted, used, or stored by, or on behalf of, the contractor in support of the performance of the contract.
Source: DFARS Clause 252.204-7012
Change Control
Process of regulating and approving changes to hardware, firmware, software, and documentation throughout the development and operational life cycle of an information system.
Source: NIST SP 800-128, CNSSI 4009
Change Management
See Glossary: Change Control
Cipher
Any cryptographic system in which arbitrary symbols or groups of symbols, represent units of plain text, or in which units of plain text are rearranged, or both.
Series of transformations that converts plaintext to ciphertext using the Cipher Key. Source: FIPS PUB 197
Ciphertext
Data in its encrypted form.
Source: NIST SP 800-57 Part 1 Rev 3
Compliance
Verification that the planned cybersecurity of the system is being properly and effectively implemented and operated, usually through the use of assessments / audits.
Source: CMMC
Condition
The state of something with regard to its appearance, quality, or working order.
Have a significant influence on or determine (the manner or outcome of something). Source: Oxford Dictionary
Confidentiality
Preserving authorized restrictions on information access and disclosure, including means for protecting personal privacy and proprietary information.
Source: 44 U.S. Code Sec 3542
Configuration Item
An aggregation of information system components that is designated for configuration management and treated as a single entity in the configuration management process.
Source: NIST SP 800-53 Rev 4
Configuration Management
A collection of activities focused on establishing and maintaining the integrity of information technology products and information systems, through control of processes for initializing, changing, and monitoring the configurations of those products and systems throughout the system development life cycle.
Source: NIST SP 800-53 Rev 4
Consequence
Effect (change or non-change), usually associated with an event or condition or with the system and usually allowed, facilitated, caused, prevented, changed, or contributed to by the event, condition, or system.
Source: NIST SP 800-160
Container (Information Asset Container)
A physical or logical location where assets are stored, transported, and processed. A container can encompass technical containers (servers, network segments, personal computers), physical containers (paper, file rooms, storage spaces, or other media such as CDs, disks, and flash drives), and people (including people who might have detailed knowledge about the information asset).
Source: CERT RMM v1.2
Context Aware
The ability of a system or system component to gather information about its environment at any given time and adapt behaviors accordingly. Contextual or context-aware computing uses software and hardware to automatically collect and analyze data to guide responses.
Source: CMMC
Continuity of Operations
Establish thorough plans, procedures, and technical measures the ability for a system to be recovered as quickly and effectively as possible following a service disruption.
Source: NIST SP 800-34 Rev 1 (adapted)
Control
The methods, policies, and procedures—manual or automated—used by an organization to safeguard and protect assets, promote efficiency, or adhere to standards. A measure that is modifying risk. (Note: controls include any process, policy, device, practice, or other actions which modify risk.)
Source: NISTIR 8053 (adapted)
Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI)
See Glossary: CUI
Covered Defense Information (CDI)
See Glossary: CDI
CUI (Controlled Unclassified Information)
Information that requires safeguarding or dissemination controls pursuant to and consistent with law, regulations, and government-wide policies, excluding information that is classified under Executive Order 13526, Classified National Security Information, December 29, 2009, or any predecessor or successor order, or the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended.
Source: E.O. 13556 (adapted)
Custodian
See Glossary: Asset Custodian
Cybersecurity
Prevention of damage to, protection of, and restoration of computers, electronic communications systems, electronic communications services, wire communication, and electronic communication, including information contained therein, to ensure its availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and nonrepudiation.
Source: NSPD-54/HSPD-23
Defense Industrial Base (DIB)
The worldwide industrial complex that enables research and development, as well as design, production, delivery, and maintenance of military weapons systems, subsystems, and components or parts, to meet U.S. military requirements.
Source: DIB Sector-Specific Plan, DHS CISA
Defined Process
A managed process that is tailored from the organization’s set of standard processes according to the organization’s tailoring guidelines; has a maintained process description; and contributes work products, measures, and other process improvement information to organizational process assets.
Source: CERT RMM v1.2
Dependency
When an entity has access to, control of, ownership in, possession of, responsibility for, or other defined obligations related to one or more assets or services of the organization.
Source: CERT RMM v1.2 (adapted)
Demilitarized Zone
Perimeter network segment that is logically between internal and external networks. Its purpose is to enforce the internal network’s Information Assurance (IA) policy for external information exchange and to provide external, untrusted sources with restricted access to releasable information while shielding the internal networks from outside attacks.
Source: CNSSI 4009
DIB (Defense Industrial Base)
See Glossary: Defense Industrial Base
DMZ
See Glossary: Demilitarized Zone
Document
Information that is written, printed, or in electronic form that serves as evidence for practices, capabilities, procedures, maturity or processes performed by an organization.
Source: CMMC
Domain
Domains are sets of capabilities that are based on cybersecurity best practices. There are 17 domains within CMMC. Each domain is assessed for practice and process maturity across five defined levels.
Source: CMMC
Encryption
The process of changing plaintext into cipher text.
Source: NISTIR 7621 Rev 1, CNSSI 4009
Encryption Policies
Policies that manage the use, storage, disposal, and protection of cryptographic keys used to protect organization data and communications.
Source: CERT RMM v1.2
Enterprise
An organization with a defined mission/goal and a defined boundary, using information systems to execute that mission, and with responsibility for managing its own risks and performance. An enterprise may consist of all or some of the following business aspects: acquisition, program management, financial management (e.g., budgets), human resources, security, and information systems, information and mission management.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Enterprise Architecture
The description of an enterprise’s entire set of information systems: how they are configured, how they are integrated, how they interface to the external environment at the enterprise’s boundary, how they are operated to support the enterprise mission, and how they contribute to the enterprise’s overall security posture.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Establish and Maintain
Whenever “establish and maintain” (or “established and maintained”) is used as a phrase, it refers not only to the development and maintenance of the object of the practice (such as a policy) but to the documentation of the object and observable usage of the object. For example, “Formal agreements with external entities are established and maintained” means that not only are the agreements formulated, but they also are documented, have assigned ownership, and are maintained relative to corrective actions, changes in requirements, or improvements.
Source: CERT RMM v1.2
Event
Any observable occurrence in a system and/or network. Events sometimes provide an indication that an incident is occurring.
See Glossary: Incident
Source: CNSSI 4009
Event Correlation
Finding relationships between two or more events.
Source: NIST SP 800-92
Exercise
A simulation of an emergency designed to validate the viability of one or more aspects of an information technology plan.
Source: NIST SP 800-84
Facility
Physical means or equipment for facilitating the performance of an action, e.g., buildings, instruments, tools.
Source: NIST SP 800-160
FCI (Federal Contract Information)
Federal contract information means information, not intended for public release, that is provided by or generated for the Government under a contract to develop or deliver a product or service to the Government, but not including information provided by the Government to the public (such as on public Web sites) or simple transactional information, such as necessary to process payments.
Source: 48 CFR § 52.204-21
Federated Trust
Trust established within a federation or organization, enabling each of the mutually trusting realms to share and use trust information (e.g., credentials) obtained from any of the other mutually trusting realms. This trust can be established across computer systems and networks architectures.
Source: NIST SP 800-95
Federation
A collection of realms (domains) that have established trust among themselves. The level of trust may vary, but typically includes authentication and may include authorization.
Source: NIST SP 800-95
Firewall
A device or program that controls the flow of network traffic between networks or hosts that employ differing security postures.
Source: NIST SP 800-41 Rev 1
High-Value Assets
Assets, organization information systems, information, and data for which an unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction could cause a significant impact to the organization’s interests, relations, economy, or to the employee or stockholder confidence, civil liberties, or health and safety of the organization’s people. HVAs may contain sensitive controls, instructions, data used in critical organization operations, or unique collections of data (by size or content), or support an organization’s mission essential functions, making them of specific value to criminal, politically motivated, or state sponsored actor for either direct exploitation or to cause a loss of confidence in the organization.
Source: OMB M-17-09 (adapted)
High-Value Services
Services built upon High-value Assets which the success of the organization’s mission depends.
Source: CMMC
ICAM
See Glossary: Identity, Credential, and Access Management
Identity
The set of attribute values (i.e., characteristics) by which an entity is recognizable and that, within the scope of an identity manager’s responsibility, is sufficient to distinguish that entity from any other entity. Note: This also encompasses non-person entities (NPEs).
Source: NIST SP 800-161, NISTIR 7622, CNSSI 4009
Identity-Based Access Control (IBAC)
Access control based on the identity of the user (typically relayed as a characteristic of the process acting on behalf of that user) where access authorizations to specific objects are assigned based on user identity.
Source: CERT RMM v1.2
Identity, Credential, and Access Management (ICAM)
Programs, processes, technologies, and personnel used to create trusted digital identity representations of individuals and non-person entities (NPEs), bind those identities to credentials that may serve as a proxy for the individual or NPE in access transactions, and leverage the credentials to provide authorized access to an organization‘s resources.
See also Glossary: Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)
Source: CNSSI 4009 (adapted)
Identity Management System
Identity management system comprised of one or more systems or applications that manages the identity verification, validation, and issuance process.
Source: NISTIR 8149
Incident
An occurrence that actually or potentially jeopardizes the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of a system or the information the system processes, stores, or transmits or that constitutes a violation or imminent threat of violation of security policies, security procedures, or acceptable use policies.
Source: NIST SP 800-171 Rev 1
Incident Handling
The mitigation of violations of security policies and recommended practices. Source: CNSSI 4009 under incident handling (NIST SP 800-61 Rev. 2)
Incident Response
See Glossary: Incident Handling
Incident Stakeholder
A person or organization with a vested interest in the management of an incident throughout its life cycle.
Source: CERT RMM v1.2
Information Asset Container
See Glossary: Container
Information Asset Owner
See Glossary: Asset Owner
Information Flow
The flow of information or connectivity from one location to another. This can be related to data as well as connectivity from one system to another, or from one security domain to another. The authorization granting permission for information flow comes from a control authority granting permission to an entity, asset, role, or group.
Source: CMMC
Insider
Any person with authorized access to any organization or United States Government resource to include personnel, facilities, information, equipment, networks, or systems.
Source: CNSSD No. 504
Insider Threat
The threat that an insider will use her/his authorized access, wittingly or unwittingly, to do harm to the security of the organization or the United States. This threat can include damage to the United States through espionage, terrorism, unauthorized disclosure, or through the loss or degradation of departmental resources or capabilities.
Source: CNSSD No. 504 (adapted)
Insider Threat Program
A coordinated collection of capabilities authorized by the Department/Agency (D/A) that is organized to deter, detect, and mitigate the unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information.
Source: CNSSD No. 504
Institutionalization
The action of establishing something as a convention or norm in an organization or culture.
Source: Oxford Dictionary
Integrity
The security objective that generates the requirement for protection against either intentional or accidental attempts to violate data integrity (the property that data has not been altered in an unauthorized manner) or system integrity (the quality that a system has when it performs its intended function in an unimpaired manner, free from unauthorized manipulation).
Source: NIST SP 800-33
Inventory
The physical or virtual verification of the presence of each organizational asset.
Source: CNSSI 4005 (adapted)
Least Privilege
A security principle that restricts the access privileges of authorized personnel (e.g., program execution privileges, file modification privileges) to the minimum necessary to perform their jobs.
Source: NIST SP 800-57 Part 2
Life Cycle
Evolution of a system, product, service, project, or other human-made entity from conception through retirement.
Source: NIST SP 800-161
Maintenance
Any act that either prevents the failure or malfunction of equipment or restores its operating capability.
Source: NIST SP 800-82 Rev 2
Malware
Software or firmware intended to perform an unauthorized process that will have adverse impact on the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of an information system. A virus, worm, Trojan horse, or other code-based entity that infects a host. Spyware and some forms of adware are also examples of malicious code (malware).
Source: NIST SP 800-82 Rev 2
Maturity Model
A maturity model is a set of characteristics, attributes, or indicators that represent progression in a particular domain. A maturity model allows an organization or industry to have its practices, processes, and methods evaluated against a clear set of requirements (such as activities or processes) that define specific maturity levels. At any given maturity level, an organization is expected to exhibit the capabilities of that level. A tool that helps assess the current effectiveness of an organization, and supports determining what capabilities they need in order to obtain the next level of maturity in order to continue progression up the levels of the model.
Source: CERT RMM v1.2
Media
Physical devices or writing surfaces including but not limited to, magnetic tapes, optical disks, magnetic disks, Large-scale integration (LSI) memory chips, printouts (but not including display media) onto which information is recorded, stored, or printed within an information system.
Source: FIPS PUB 200
Media Sanitization
The actions taken to render data written on media unrecoverable by both ordinary and extraordinary means.
Source: NIST SP 800-88 Rev 1
Mobile Code
Software programs or parts of programs obtained from remote information systems, transmitted across a network, and executed on a local information system without explicit installation or execution by the recipient. Note: Some examples of software technologies that provide the mechanisms for the production and use of mobile code include Java, JavaScript, ActiveX, VBScript, etc.
Source: NIST SP 800-53 Rev 4, NIST SP 800-18, CNSSI 4009
Mobile Device
A portable computing device that:
has a small form factor such that it can easily be carried by a single individual;
is designed to operate without a physical connection (e.g., wirelessly transmit or receive information);
possesses local, non-removable data storage; and
is powered-on for extended periods of time with a self-contained power source. Mobile devices may also include voice communication capabilities, on board sensors that allow the device to capture (e.g., photograph, video, record, or determine location) information, and/or built-in features for synchronizing local data with remote locations. Examples include smart phones, tablets, and E-readers.
Note: If the device only has storage capability and is not capable of processing or transmitting/receiving information, then it is considered a portable storage device, not a mobile device.
See Glossary: Portable Storage Device
Source: NIST SP 800-53 Rev 4
Multifactor Authentication (MFA)
Authentication using two or more different factors to achieve authentication. Factors include something you know (e.g., PIN, password); something you have (e.g., cryptographic identification device, token); or something you are (e.g., biometric).
See also Glossary: Authenticator
Source: NIST SP 800-53 Rev 4
Ongoing Basis
Actions occurring, indefinitely. Actions that do not stop unless a stop action is purposely put in place.
Source: CMMC
Operational Resilience
The ability of systems to resist, absorb, and recover from or adapt to an adverse occurrence during operation that may cause harm, destruction, or loss of ability to perform mission- related functions.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Organization
An entity of any size, complexity, or positioning within an organizational structure (e.g., a federal agency, or, as appropriate, any of its operational elements).
See Glossary: Enterprise
Source: NIST SP 800-37 Rev 1
Organization Seeking Certification (OSC)
The company that is going through the CMMC assessment process to receive a level of certification for a given environment.
Source: CMMC
OSC (Organization Seeking Certification)
See Glossary: Organization Seeking Certification
Patch
An update to an operating system, application, or other software issued specifically to correct particular problems with the software.
Source: NIST SP 800-123
Penetration Testing (Pentesting)
Security testing in which evaluators mimic real-world attacks in an attempt to identify ways to circumvent the security features of an application, system, or network. Penetration testing often involves issuing real attacks on real systems and data, using the same tools and techniques used by actual attackers. Most penetration tests involve looking for combinations of vulnerabilities on a single system or multiple systems that can be used to gain more access than could be achieved through a single vulnerability.
Source: NIST SP 800-115
Pentesting (Penetration Testing)
See Glossary: Penetration Testing
Periodically
Organizationally defined regularly occurring intervals, with a timeframe not to exceed one year.
Source: Oxford Dictionary (adapted)
Personally Identifiable Information
Information which can be used to distinguish or trace the identity of an individual (e.g., name, social security number, biometric records) alone, or when combined with other personal or identifying information which is linked or linkable to a specific individual (e.g., date and place of birth, mother’s maiden name).
Source: NIST SP 800-53 Rev 4
PII (Personally Identifiable Information)
See Glossary: Personally Identifiable Information
Portable Storage Device
A system component that can be inserted into and removed from a system, and that is used to store data or information (e.g., text, video, audio, and/or image data). Such components are typically implemented on magnetic, optical, or solid-state devices (e.g., floppy disks, compact/digital video disks, flash/thumb drives, external hard disk drives, and flash memory cards/drives that contain nonvolatile memory).
Source: NIST SP 800-171 Rev 1
Practice
A specific technical activity or activities that are required and performed to achieve a specific level of cybersecurity maturity for a given capability within a domain.
Source: CMMC
Privilege
A right granted to an individual, a program, or a process.
Source: CNSSI 4009, NIST SP 800-12 Rev 1
Process
A specific procedural activity that is required and performed to achieve a capability level. Processes detail maturity of institutionalization of the practices.
Source: CMMC
Proxy
An application that “breaks” the connection between client and server. The proxy accepts certain types of traffic entering or leaving a network and processes it and forwards it.
Note: This effectively closes the straight path between the internal and external networks making it more difficult for an attacker to obtain internal addresses and other details of the organization’s internal network. Proxy servers are available for common Internet services; for example, a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP/HTTPS) proxy used for Web access.
Source: CNSSI 4009 (adapted)
Recovery
Actions necessary to restore data files of an information system and computational capability after a system failure.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Red Team
A group of people authorized and organized to emulate a potential adversary’s attack or exploitation capabilities against an enterprise’s security posture. The Red Team’s objective is to improve enterprise Information Assurance by demonstrating the impacts of successful attacks and by demonstrating what works for the defenders (i.e., the Blue Team) in an operational environment.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Red Teaming
The act(s) performed by a “red team” in order to identify weaknesses, vulnerabilities, procedural shortcomings, and misconfigurations within an organization’s cyber environment. Red Teaming includes creation of a “Rules of Engagement” document by which the red team honors over the course of their actions. It is expected that the Red Team will produce a final report at the end of the event period.
Source: CMMC
Regularly
On a regular basis: at regular intervals.
Source: Oxford Dictionary
Removable Media
Portable data storage medium that can be added to or removed from a computing device or network. Note: Examples include, but are not limited to: optical discs (CD, DVD, Blu-ray); external/removable hard drives; external/removable Solid-State Disk (SSD) drives; magnetic/optical tapes; flash memory devices (USB, eSATA, Flash Drive, Thumb Drive); flash memory cards (Secure Digital, CompactFlash, Memory Stick, MMC, xD); and other external/removable disks (floppy, Zip, Jaz, Bernoulli, UMD).
See Glossary: Portable Storage Device
Source: CNSSI 4009
Report
An oral or written description of something, such as an event or situation.
Source: NYSSCPA
Reporting
The final phase of the computer and network forensic process, which involves reporting the results of the analysis; this may include describing the actions used, explaining how tools and procedures were selected, determining what other actions need to be performed (e.g., forensic examination of additional data sources, securing identified vulnerabilities, improving existing security controls), and providing recommendations for improvement to policies, guidelines, procedures, tools, and other aspects of the forensic process. The formality of the reporting step varies greatly depending on the situation.
Source: NIST SP 800-86
Residual Risk
Portion of risk remaining after security measures have been applied.
Source: NIST SP 800-33 (adapted)
Resilience
The ability to prepare for and adapt to changing conditions and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions. Resilience includes the ability to withstand and recover from deliberate attacks, accidents, or naturally occurring threats or incidents.
Source: PPD 21
Risk
A measure of the extent to which an entity is threatened by a potential circumstance or event, and typically a function of:
System-related security risks are those risks that arise from the loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information or systems. Such risks reflect the potential adverse impacts to organizational operations, organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, and the Nation.
Source: FIPS 200 (adapted)
Risk Analysis
The process of identifying the risks to system security and determining the likelihood of occurrence, the resulting impact, and the additional safeguards that mitigate this impact. Part of risk management and synonymous with risk assessment.
Source: NIST SP 800-27
Risk Assessment
The process of identifying risks to organizational operations (including mission, functions, image, reputation), organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, and the Nation, resulting from the operation of a system.
Part of risk management, incorporates threat and vulnerability analyses, and considers mitigations provided by security controls planned or in place. Synonymous with risk analysis.
Source: NIST SP 800-171
Risk Management
The program and supporting processes to manage information security risk to organizational operations (including mission, functions, image, reputation), organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, and the Nation, and includes:
establishing the context for risk-related activities;
assessing risk;
responding to risk once determined; and
monitoring risk over time. Source: CNSSI 4009
Risk Mitigation
Prioritizing, evaluating, and implementing the appropriate risk-reducing controls/countermeasures recommended from the risk management process.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Risk Mitigation Plan
A strategy for mitigating risk that seeks to minimize the risk to an acceptable level.
Source: CERT RMM v1.2
Risk Tolerance
The level of risk an entity is willing to assume in order to achieve a potential desired result.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Root-cause Analysis
An approach for determining the underlying causes of events or problems as a means of addressing the symptoms of such events as they manifest in organizational disruptions.
Source: CERT RMM v1.2
Safeguards
The protective measures prescribed to meet the security requirements (i.e., confidentiality, integrity, and availability) specified for an information system. Safeguards may include security features, management constraints, personnel security, and security of physical structures, areas, and devices. Synonymous with security controls and countermeasures.
Source: FIPS PUB 200
Sandboxing
A restricted, controlled execution environment that prevents potentially malicious software, such as mobile code, from accessing any system resources except those for which the software is authorized.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Scanning
Sending packets or requests to another system to gain knowledge about the asset, processes, services, and operations.
Source: CNSSI 4009 (adapted)
SCRM (Supply Chain Risk Management)
See Glossary: Supply Chain Risk Management
Security Assessment
See Glossary: Security Control Assessment
Security Control Assessment
The testing or evaluation of security controls to determine the extent to which the controls are implemented correctly, operating as intended, and producing the desired outcome with respect to meeting the security requirements for a system or organization.
Source: CNSSI 4009 (adapted)
Security Domain
An environment or context that includes a set of system resources and a set of system entities that have the right to access the resources as defined by a common security policy, security model, or security architecture.
Source: CNSSI 4009 under domain (NIST SP 800-53 Rev 4)
Security Operations Center(SOC)
A centralized function within an organization utilizing people, processes, and technologies to continuously monitor and improve an organization’s security posture while preventing, detecting, analyzing, and responding to cybersecurity incidents.
Source: CMMC
Security Policy
Security policies define the objectives and constraints for the security program. Policies are created at several levels, ranging from organization or corporate policy to specific operational constraints (e.g., remote access). In general, policies provide answers to the questions “what” and “why” without dealing with “how.” Policies are normally stated in terms that are technology-independent.
Source: NIST SP 800-82 Rev 2
Security Practice Assessment
See Glossary: Security Control Assessment
Sensitive Information
Information where the loss, misuse, or unauthorized access or modification could adversely affect the national interest or the conduct of federal programs, or the privacy to which individuals are entitled under 5 U.S.C. Section 552a (the Privacy Act).
Source: NIST SP 800-53 Rev 4 (adapted)
Service Continuity Plan
A service-specific plan for sustaining services and associated assets under degraded conditions.
Source: CERT RMM v1.2
Situational Awareness
Within a volume of time and space, the perception of an enterprise’s security posture and its threat environment; the comprehension/meaning of both taken together (risk); and the projection of their status into the near future.
Source: CNSSI 4009
SOC
See Glossary: Security Operations Center
Split Tunneling
The process of allowing a remote user or device to establish a non-remote connection with a system and simultaneously communicate via some other connection to a resource in an external network. This method of network access enables a user to access remote devices (e.g., a networked printer) at the same time as accessing uncontrolled networks.
Source: NIST SP 800-171
Spyware
Software that is secretly or surreptitiously installed into an information system to gather information on individuals or organizations without their knowledge; a type of malicious code.
Source: CNSSI 4009, NIST SP 800-128, NIST SP 800-53 Rev 4
Standards
A document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body, that provides for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context.
Note: Standards should be based on the consolidated results of science, technology and experience, and aimed at the promotion of optimum community benefits.
Source: NISTIR 8074 Vol. 2
Standard Process
An operational definition of the basic process that guides the establishment of a common process in an organization. A standard process describes the fundamental process elements that are expected to be incorporated into any defined process. It also describes relationships (e.g., ordering, interfaces) among these process elements.
See Glossary: Defined Process
Source: CERT RMM v1.2
Subnetwork
A subordinate part of an organization’s enterprise network.
Source: CMMC
Supply Chain
A system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources, possibly international in scope, that provides products or services to consumers.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Supply Chain Attack
Attacks that allow the adversary to utilize implants or other vulnerabilities inserted prior to installation in order to infiltrate data, or manipulate information technology hardware, software, operating systems, peripherals (information technology products) or services at any point during the life cycle.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM)
A systematic process for managing supply chain risk by identifying susceptibilities, vulnerabilities, and threats throughout the supply chain and developing mitigation strategies to combat those threats whether presented by the supplier, the supplied product and its subcomponents, or the supply chain (e.g., initial production, packaging, handling, storage, transport, mission operation, and disposal).
Source: CNSSD No. 505
Sustain
Maintain a desired operational state.
Source: CERT RMM v1.2
System
A discrete set of information resources organized for the collection, processing, maintenance, use, sharing, dissemination, or disposition of information. [Note: Information systems also include specialized systems such as industrial/process controls systems, telephone switching and private branch exchange (PBX) systems, and environmental control systems.]
Source: FIPS 200, FIPS 199, CNSSI 4009
System Assets
Any software, hardware (IT, OT, IoT), data, administrative, physical, communications, or personnel resource within an information system.
Source: CNSSI 4009
System Integrity
The quality that a system has when it performs its intended function in an unimpaired manner, free from unauthorized manipulation of the system, whether intentional or accidental.
Source: NIST SP 800-27
System Security Plan
The formal document prepared by the information system owner (or common security controls owner for inherited controls) that provides an overview of the security requirements for the system and describes the security controls in place or planned for meeting those requirements. The plan can also contain as supporting appendices or as references, other key security-related documents such as a risk assessment, privacy impact assessment, system interconnection agreements, contingency plan, security configurations, configuration management plan, and incident response plan.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Tampering
An intentional but unauthorized act resulting in the modification of a system, components of systems, its intended behavior, or data.
Source: DHS Information Technology Sector Baseline Risk Assessment (adapted)
Threat
Any circumstance or event with the potential to adversely impact organizational operations (including mission, functions, image, or reputation), organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, or the Nation through an information system via unauthorized access, destruction, disclosure, modification of information, and/or denial of service.
Source: NIST SP 800-30 Rev 1
Threat Actor
An individual or a group posing a threat.
Source: NIST SP 800-150
Threat Intelligence
Threat information that has been aggregated, transformed, analyzed, interpreted, or enriched to provide the necessary context for decision-making processes.
Source: NIST SP 800-150
Threat Monitoring
Analysis, assessment, and review of audit trails and other information collected for the purpose of searching out system events that may constitute violations of system security.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Thumb Drive
Removable storage device that utilizes the USB port of a system for data transfer, and the device is relatively the size of a human thumb.
Source: CMMC
Trigger
A set of logic statements to be applied to a data stream that produces an event when an anomalous incident or behavior occurs.
Source: CNSSD No. 504 (adapted)
Trojan Horse
A computer program that appears to have a useful function, but also has a hidden and potentially malicious function that evades security mechanisms, sometimes by exploiting legitimate authorizations of a system entity that invokes the program.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Tunneling
Technology enabling one network to send its data via another network’s connections. Tunneling works by encapsulating a network protocol within packets carried by the second network.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Unauthorized Access
Any access that violates the stated security policy.
Source: CNSSI 4009
User
Individual, or (system) process acting on behalf of an individual, authorized to access an information system.
Source: NIST SP 800-53 Rev 4, NIST SP 800-18, CNSSI 4009
Virus
A computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user. A virus might corrupt or delete data on a computer, use e-mail programs to spread itself to other computers, or even erase everything on a hard disk.
See Glossary: Malicious Code
Source: CNSSI 4009
Vulnerability
Weakness in an information system, system security procedures, internal controls, or implementation that could be exploited by a threat source.
Source: NIST SP 800-30 Rev 1
Vulnerability Assessment
Systematic examination of an information system or product to determine the adequacy of security measures, identify security deficiencies, provide data from which to predict the effectiveness of proposed security measures, and confirm the adequacy of such measures after implementation.
Source: CNSSI 4009
Vulnerability Management
An Information Security Continuous Monitoring (ISCM) capability that identifies vulnerabilities [Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs)] on devices that are likely to be used by attackers to compromise a device and use it as a platform from which to extend compromise to the network.
Source: NISTIR 8011 Vol. 1
Web Proxy
See Glossary: Proxy
Whitelist
An approved list or register of entities that are provided a particular privilege, service, mobility, access or recognition.
An implementation of a default deny-all or allow-by-exception policy across an enterprise environment, and a clear, concise, timely process for adding exceptions when required for mission accomplishments.
Source: CNSSI 1011
